In India there is race between many companies under ₹10000 price bracket mobile phones. They want to be first in the market. Today mobile phones are getting cheap and powerful. A midrange smartphone is better than a flagship smartphone because in midrange smartphone they also have a powerful processor, battery, camera, and AMOLED display as well as 90Hz , 120Hz and even 144Hz.  They are getting more powerful time to time. If we talk about the 10000 price bracket there are multiple phones of multiple mobile companies  available offline or online. Many companies launch a bunch a smartphones in a month.  Also 5G is a new technology that all the smartphones manufacturers adopt. In ₹10000 there is no such smartphone which offer 5G in today. We will see 5G technology in future. They also have a better feature and specs :-

Today mobile phones are getting cheap and powerful time to time. If we talk about the 15000 price segment there are lots of mobiles phones available in the market. Many companies launch a bunch a smartphones in a month. The mobile are going more powerful and efficient in today's world. Also 5G is a new technology that all the smartphones manufacturers adopt. In this price bracket there are lots of mobile phones including 5G as well.  

Body: 164 x 75.8 x 8.9 mm (6.46 x 2.98 x 0.35 in)

Weight : 205 g (7.23 oz) Glass front, plastic back.

Display: 6.5 inch IPS display, 102.0 cm2 (~82.1% screen-to-body ratio) 

resolution - 720 x 1600 pixels, 20:9 ratio (~270 ppi density).

Processor: Mediatek MT6765 Helio P35 (12nm) CPU Octa-core (4x2.35 GHz Cortex-A53 & 4x1.8 GHz Cortex-A53).

Memory: microSDXC (dedicated slot) Internal 2GB/32GB , 3GB/32GB, 4GB/64GB, 4GB/128GB, 6GB/128GB eMMC 5.1 storage type

Battery: 5000mAh; 15W Fast charging.

OS/Software version: Android 10 upgradable to Android 11 OneUI core 3.1.

Rear camera:48 MP, f/2.0, 26mm (wide), AF

5 MP, f/2.2, 123˚ (ultrawide)

2 MP, f/2.4, (macro)

2 MP, f/2.4, (depth)

Rear camera Video recording: 1080p@30fps.

Front camera Video recording: 1080p@30fps.

Front camera: 8 MP, f/2.2(wide).

Other: Side Mounted Fingerprint sensor, 3.5mm headphone jack.

Price : - ₹12,999

WLAN - Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, Wi-Fi Direct, Mobile Hotspot

Bluetooth version - 5.0, A2DP, LE

NFC - Yes(region dependent)

USB - USB Type-C 2.0

GPS - Yes, with A-GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO, BDS.

The fifth generation of mobile networks 5G, from the previous generations of mobile technology 2G, 3G and 4G networks. 5G  offers us much more faster connection speeds than the previous networks. 5G is more reliable network with lower response time and huge capacity.

5G operates in the same way, but 5G uses higher radio frequencies. In  5G technology this allows to carry more information at a much faster rate than the other remaining networks. The higher bands which are used in 5G network is called "millimeter waves" (mmwaves). They were not used previously but they have been opened up for licensing by the regulators. 5G equipment is expensive.

Price :- ₹21,999  

The Realme 8 5G is an another phone in this price segment. Realme 8 5G appears as the successor to the Realme 7 5G. It has a few downgrades specs. It is the cheapest 5G phone in the world.

Price :- ₹14999

Price :- ₹14590

Samsung Galaxy A32 5G is the new Awesome series from Samsung. The Korean company Samsung clearly decided to focus on its best-selling line in this price segment. Samsung did a great job with the latest Galaxy A series phones. Samsung tagline the new 'Awesome is for everyone'  fits in this series. Samsung galaxy devices such as Galaxy A32, A52 and even the Galaxy A72. Samsung also made 5G versions of the A52 and A32 smartphones. The 5G variants of these smartphones tend to target the same price bracket as their 4G models.

Price :- ₹24790

A Barcode reader is an input device used for reading printing barcode Universal Product Code(UPC) available on product to be sold. A barcode reader emits of the beam of light which reflect of the barcode image on light sensitive detector in the barcode reader identifies the barcode image by recognising special bars at both the input of the image. A perfect example of a barcode reader is used in a Supermarket where Barcode scanner is the price of a product. A barcode is a machine-readable representation of information in the form of a strip of dark and light inks.

Optical Mark Reader is also known as Optical Mark Recognition. It is the process of detecting the presence of intendent market responses. It is mainly used to detect marks on a paper. It uses a beam of light that is reflected on the paper with mark to capture presence and absence of data(marks) The OMR interprets the pattern of marks into a data record and sends this to the computer for storage, analysis and reporting. OMR  is widely used to read the answer of objective type tests,  voting applications and other evaluation studies.

Optical Character Recognition is a technique for the scanning of printed page, translating it and then using the OCR software to recognize the image as ASCII text that is editable. It translates the array of dots into text that the computer can interpret as words and letters. OCR  is widely used technique for acquiring the textual data from image. It is used in many applications such as telephone bills, electricity bills, insurance premium etc. OCR technology is being developed for greater accurate recognition and is also known as Intelligent Character Recognition (ICR).

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition read the characters by examining their shape in a matrix form and the information is then passed on to the computer. The characters are printed using a special ink which contains iron particles that can be magnetized. It is generally used in banks to process the cheques for recognizing the magnetic encoding numbers printed at the bottom of a cheque.

It is a device which is used to access the microprocessor of a Smart card. There are two kinds of a smart card :-

A.  Memory card and B. Microprocessor cards 

Memory cards are the task which contain only non-volatile memory storage component and some specific security logic. Microprocessor card  contain volatile memory and microprocessor component. The card is made up of plastic generally PVC. Smart cards are used in large companies and organizations for a stronger security authentication.

Biometric sensor is a device which recognizes physical or behavioral traits of the individual. Biometric sensors are used for marking attendance of employees or student in organization and institution. As biometric sensors working with accuracy so these are widely used in security purpose also.

It is used to convert the data and image on paper into digital form. Scanner is an optical input device and uses light as an input source to convert an image into an electronic form that can be stored on the computer. Scanner can be used for storing the document in their original form that can be modified and manipulated in later on. The scanner stores images in both gray scale and color mode.

The most common types of scanner are as follows:-

A. Handheld Scanner:-  As they are very small in size which can be held in a hand. These are less expensive and less wide .Hence in order to scan a single page, image, multiple passes are required. But there handiness is a major advantage of handheld scanner.

B. Flatbed Scanner :- They are large and more expensive scanner that create high quality images.  Flatbed scanners have a flat surface on which the printed image to be scanned .These scanners can scan a page in a single pass.

C. Drum Scanners :- They are medium size scanners with rolling drum. The sheet is fed through the scanners so that the drum rolls over the entire sheet to be scanned(just as the sheets are fed in a fax machine).

We can send input to the computer through a special manual input device called microphone or mic. Mic converts the received sound into computer format which is called Digitised sound or Digital audio. To convert the voice into digital form you need an additional hardware known as Sound card. Sound is used most often in multimedia where we can make our presentations more attractive using the recorded narration, music or sound effects. A microphone can be attached to a computer for record sound.  Now a days, microphones are also being used with speech recognition software. This means that we do not have to speak and the spoken words  appear in our documents.

It is a video capturing device. Webcam is a digital camera attached to computers and can be used for video conferencing, online chatting etc. A camera connected to a computer allows anyone those are connected to the internet to view either a  still picture or motion video of a user or other object. Now-a-days webcam are either embedded into the display with a laptop and computer or connected via USB or firewire port or Wi-Fi to the computer system.

PC Card is a Credit Card size memory or input and output(I/O) device that fits into a personal computer usually on notebook on laptop computer. Probably the most common use of a PC card is the telecommunications modem for notebook computer system.

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing to the outside world. Some of the commonly used output devices are monitors, printers, plotters, speakers, headphones and projectors etc.

Speaker is an output device that receives sound in the form of electric currents. It needs a sound card connected to a CPU that generate sound via a cards. These are used for listening music for being audible in seminars during presentations etc. Computer speakers are the speakers which are attached internally and externally to a computer system.

Headphone are a pair of a small loudspeaker or less commonly a single speaker held close to a user ears and connected to a signal source such as an  audio amplifier, radio, CD player or portable media player. They are also known as stereo phones, headsets etc.

Projector is an output device which is used to project information from a computer onto a large screen so it can be viewed by a large group of people simultaneously. These are widely used for classroom training or conference halls and in meetings with a large audience. projector  provides a temporary output display. There are two types of projector LCD projector and DLP projectors.

Ans. MP is an audio coding format for Digital audio which uses of form of losses data compression.

Ans. The I/O devices that are attached externally to the computer system machine are also called peripheral devices. These are hardware.

Ans. A speech recognition software can interpret voice data into words that can be understood by the computer.

Ans. A dumb terminal is simply an output device that accepts data from the CPU.

In this operating system we  expect some fundamentals changes in the windows operating system which includes the arrangement of some apps issues on multiple desktop system and better support for Bluetooth. Microsoft is working on its native app store that is Microsoft store to make more specific in terms of titles and payment method.

Microsoft is holding a major Windows event on 24 June 2021. Microsoft is expected to launch the next generation of Windows at the event. Satya Nadella recently posted a teaser of the next operating system for the future of the Windows at Build 21.

An  Operating system is a program which acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware. The interface enables a user to utilise hardware resources very efficiently. The operating system is an organised collection of specialised programs that controls the overall operations of a computer. It is a program that must be on any computer for fresh restarting.

This time Microsoft has changed a lot in Windows 11, which was not in Windows 10, it has come a little in Windows 11, Windows 10 update was right. Windows 11 is fast and user interactive. Microsoft Has Said Windows 11 Update Will Come From November December In All PC that is currently running Windows 10. 

When Microsoft launched Windows 10, Microsoft had said that there will be no New version of  Windows  after Windows 10 released, but Windows 11 has come, it means that Microsoft is planning something else for the future. Microsoft has said that Windows 11 is a bit fast and user friendly according to Windows 10, you can update it comfortably and its file size is also less than Windows 10, so you can download and install easily in your PC. Windows 11 feels a bit like Apple's Mac OS, all notifications and taskbar are in the center.

Microsoft says that in Windows 11, you can install Android apps and easy use, this support in Microsoft has come due to Windows 11, earlier Windows 10 and other versions  of Windows did not have this support but now you can install Android apps in your Windows machine.

Apple's annual developers conference starts from June 7 to 11 and, like WWDC 2020, it will go online. The first day will yield the biggest news of Apple's next operating systems - like iOS 15, iPad OS 15, MacOS 12, Watch OS 8 and TVOS 15. At WWDC 2020, Apple announced its first processor that is M-series chipsets which was M1 processor, that is designed by apple.

The apple ecosystem is very prominent and it is very easy to use. Basically Apple provides good software update to all its devices across the world. You need to have an apple devices like iphone, ipad, macbook etc.

Computer Hardware refers to the physical component of a computer that can be seen and touched by the user. By the use of this hardware devices, it made very easy for the computer for processing its data and store and retrieve. Hardware is one of the basic and necessary parts of a computer system.

Input devices can be defined as an electro chemical device that allows the user to feed data into the computer for analysis and storage and to give commands to the computer system. The data is entered into the main memory through the input devices. They accept instructions from the user and convert the accepted instructions into the machine language.

Some of the commonly used input devices are:-

Keyboard, mouse, trackball, joystick, light pen, touch screen, barcode reader, OMR, OCR, MICR, smart card reader, biometric sensor, scanner, mic, web cam, PC card etc.

1.Keyboard:-

Keyboard is one of the most common input devices. The user can type text and command using this device. The layout of the keyboard was borrowed from regular typewriter with some additional keys. It is used to enter data or information in a computer, which may be in numeric, form or alphabetic form. When a key is pressed, the keyboard interacts with a keyboard controller and keyboard buffer.

Keyboard controller stores the code of pressed key in keyboard buffer. There are different types of keyboard such as QWERTY, DVORAK, AZERTY.

The keys are categorised under the following groups:-

i. Alphanumeric Keys:- It include the alphabet keys(A,B,C ,..., Z) and number keys(0,1,2,..., 9).

ii. Numeric keys:- These are located at the right hand side of the keyboard. They consists of digits and mathematical operators.

iii. Function keys:- These are the programmable keys, i.e. the programs can assign some specific actions. They are numbered from F1 to F12.

iv. Cursor Control keys:- It include four directional(left, right, up, down) arrow keys that are arranged in a inverted T information between the alphanumeric and numeric keys.

There are four more keys to control the cursor.

1. Home:- It is used to return the cursor to the beginning of the line or the beginning of  a document.

2. End:- It moves the cursor to the end of the line.

3. Page Up:- When this key is pressed, the page view will be moved up one page and cursor goes to the back page.

4. Page Down:- When it is pressed, the page view will be moved down one page and cursor goes to the next page.

5. Other keys:- A keyboard contains some other keys are as follows:-

a. Control keys:- It performs a special operation with the combination of other keys.

b. Enter key:- It is used to finish an entry and begin the new entry in a document. Enter  key is an alternative to press ok button.

c. Shift key:- Some keys on the keyboard like numeric keys have a symbol printed on their upper portion. Shift key is used to print these symbols.

d. Escape key(Esc) :- It allows a user to cancel or abort operations, which are executing at present. It opens start menu with the combinations of Ctrl key.

e. Backspace key:- It is used to erase anything typed.

f. Caps Lock key:- It is used to type the alphabet in capital letters. It enables or disables all the letters from being typed in capital letters. When this key is enable, the alphabet would be in capital letters and when it is disabled, the alphabet would be in small letters.

g. Delete key:- It is used to erase information from the computer's memory and characters on the screen. 

h. Num Lock key:- It is used to enable and disable the numeric keyboard.

viii. Windows key:- It is used to open the Start menu.

ix. Spacebar key:-  It provides a space between two words. It is the longest key on the keyboard.

x. Tab key:- It is used to move the cursor over to the right to a pre-set point. In Word document, tab is used to indent a paragraph.

There are three types of mouse as follows :- 

1. Wireless Mouse 

2. Mechanical Mouse 

3. Optical Mouse

There are four actions of mouse as follows:-

1. Click or Left click :- It selects an item on the screen.

2. Double click :- It is used to open a document or program.

3. Right-click :- Right click displays a list of commands on the screen. Right clicking is used to access the properties of collection object.

4. Drag and Drop :- It is used to move an item on the screen.

 2. Trackball :-

Trackball is another pointing device which is an alternative to a mouse. Trackball is also used to control cursor movement and actions on a computer screen. It is generally built in laptop, since there is no space for the mouse on the laptop that ball is used to CAD/CAM workstation and sometimes seen on computerized special purpose workstations such as radar consoles in an air traffic control room and Sonar equipment on a ship or submarine.

3.Joystick :-

Joystick is a device that moves in all directions and controls the movement of the cursor. Joystick are used in flight simulators CAD/CAM system etc.  A joystick is similar to a mouse except that the movement of cursor on screen stops working as soon as user stop moving the mouse, but with the joystick the pointer continue moving in the previously pointing direction. Joystick allows movement in all direction (360 degree).

4. Light Pen :-

Light Pen is a handheld electro-optical pointing device used for making drawing graphic and for menu selection. The pen contains a  photocell in a small tube. It senses the light from the screen when it become closer and generates a pulse.  It is used to especially in Personal Digital Assistant (PDA).  It is very useful in identifying specific location on the screen. However it does not provide any information when it held over a blank part of the screen.

5. Touch Screen :-

Touch Screen is  an input device that accepts input when the user places of finger on the computer screen. Touch screens have an infrared beam that criss-cross the surface of the screen. The ability to interact directly with a display typically indicates the presence of a touchscreen. Touchscreen is generally used in applications like ATM, Hospitals, Airline reservation and  Super market etc.

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